Coastal Dunal Landscapes of Western North America

OREGON SEA GRANT PROPOSAL (PROJECT 2000-2001)

Title: New Paradigm on Coastal Paleodunal-Landscape: Broad Implications for Sustainable Development of the Coastal Plain

Principal Investigators:

Dr. Curt Peterson, Geology Department, Portland State University

Roger Hart, College of Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University

Dr. Jon Erlandson, Anthropology Department, University of Oregon

William Hanshumaker, Sea Grant Extension Services, Oregon State University

Dr. Errol Stock, Environmental Sciences, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia

Dr. Charles Rosenfeld, Geosciences Department, Oregon State University

OBJECTIVES: (1) To complete age-dating of pre-Holocene paleodune-sheets for correlation of regional ‘US west-coast’ sand supply, (2) To perform remote sensing and GIS-mapping of paleodune-sheet extent, (3) To characterize dunal paleosol aquitards and archaeological horizons using new geophysical profiling and minimum-disturbance percussive coring, (4) To engage coastal residents and students in the investigation of paleodunal beach-sand supply, progressive sand loss, and modern exposure of ‘surf-zone forests’, and (5) To educate coastal residents, students, and the general public about sustainable development issues in the coastal plain using new interactive GIS-map Webpages accessed via the internet.

METHODOLOGY: Paleodune ages will be constrained by new thermoluminesence (TL) and optical dating techniques which measure the time since sand grains were last exposed to sunlight. These ages will be used to test regional correlation of dune advances, episodic remobilization, and final vegetative-stabilization of paleodune-sheets on the US west-coast. The surficial extent of paleodune-sheets will be mapped using Landsat images (active-dunes) and stereo-airphotos (forested paleodune-sheets). Dunal paleosols (buried clay-rich soils) will be profiled and mapped in the subsurface by new digital ground penetrating radar (digital GPR) and sampled for property testing by new direct-push percussive coring (Geoprobe). These new technologies for shallow subsurface investigations will be introduced to geologists, engineers, hydrologists, and archaeologists, working in paleodunal landscapes of the coastal plain. Data coverages of paleodunal landscapes, dunal water features, stabilization, and existing development in the coastal plain will be made directly available to the public through interactive GIS-map Webpages. This new interactive-GIS methodology will serve as a model for coastal education-outreach throughout the US.

RATIONALE: Sustainable development of the very-narrow coastal plain requires knowledge of the links between the underlying paleodunal landscape and associated resources of dunal aquifers, stable building sites, ponds and ephemeral wetlands, littoral-cell sand supply, active-dune environments, and archaeological sites, among others. Many of these resources help define the coastal plain settings that draw visitors, residents, and new industries to the coast. Our goal is to provide these groups, and others, with an understanding of the origin and inter-relations of these dunal resources so they can participate in addressing issues of sustainable development in the coastal plain.

INTRODUCTION
back to top

We propose to utilize our recent discovery of paleodune-sheet origins to address issues of sustainable development in coastal plains of the US west coast . Paleodune-sheets cover more than 50 percent of the developed land base in the narrow coastal plain (1-5 km wide) of this active-margin coastal zone (Figure 1). Although the paleodune-sheets form the foundation for much of the coastal plain landscape (Reckendorf, 1998) they are largely vegetated, so are commonly unrecognized as eolian deposits. The paleodunes have unique hydrologic and geotechnical properties, which derive from alternating layers of unconsolidated sand and clay-rich paleosols. Surface and groundwater hydrology have been particularly misunderstood in the paleodune-sheets (see Rationale and Outcomes below). Moreover, a half century of assumptions that the Pacific Northwest (PNW) coastal sand supply is dominated by marine transgression (Cooper, 1958; Kulm et al., 1968) has led to interpretative errors in related fields of coastal engineering, neotectonics, and archaeology (see Past Assumptions below).

Dating, mapping, and characterization of these paleodune-sheets, as proposed here, will provide a unifying ‘framework of understanding’ for the sustainable development of the coastal plain. Specifically, we will demonstrate the linkages between the underlying paleodunal landscapes and coastal plain resources. Such paleodunal resources include lakes, ponds and ephemeral wetlands, drinking-water aquifers, easily-graded building sites, littoral-cell sand supply, archaeological sites, and active-dune environments, among others. Understanding of the paleodunal landscape will enable planners to foresee potential development conflicts, and to help resolve existing conflicts (Grenell, 1991). Direct involvement of coastal residents and visitors in this study will provide an exciting and engaging forum for increasing the appreciation of our evolving coastal landscape, and its controls on prehistoric and modern coastal communities. Many of the expected results from this study will have direct relevance to paleodunal landscapes of US East- and Gulf-coastal plains.

BACKGROUND
back to top

Past Assumptions

For the last half century geologists have assumed that west-coast sand was pushed ashore by marine transgressions including (1) late-Pleistocene high sea-levels at 80-120 thousand years before present (ka) and, (2) the recent Holocene high stand at 0-5 ka. These assumptions form the bases for most of the accepted ages, published origins, and predicted stability of coastal deposits. For example, very-high-wave energy beaches are thought to have developed from transgressive sand supply (Thom et al., 1981; Short, 1987) so were assumed to be in equilibrium with offshore profiles. Soils developed on the uplifted marine terraces were assumed to represent terrace-platform age (80-120 ka) so were used to correlate terrace deformation and ‘fault’ activity (Kelsey and Bockheim, 1994). Finally, the paleo-landscape of the coastal plain during early archaeological occupation (Erlandson et al., 1998) was assumed to have resembled the vegetated coastal plain of today. Of great surprise to most of us, these assumptions are no longer valid (see Dune-Dates below) as the exposed shelf was supplying sand to coastal eolian deposits 10-30 ka before the Holocene transgression.

Our recent thermoluminescence (TL) and C14 dating (Stock, Peterson and Cloyd) shows the maximum paleodune-sheet advances in the central Oregon coast (ODNRA) to range from about 15-40 ka (Table 1; Figure 2). This time period spans marine low stand(s) (15 and 35 ka), and clearly excludes the maximum transgressive high-stands at 0-5 ka (Holocene) and 80-120 ka (Pleistocene). Comparable spodosol development (Nettelton et. al., 1982) in several other Oregon paleodune-sheets e.g., Coquille, Newport, and Nehalem, suggest similar ages to the TL-dated ODNRA dune advances. The late-Pleistocene dunes are thinly mantled by post-transgressive Holocene dunes (Alton et al., 1996). The Holocene dunes were locally remobilized from seaward deflation plains, post-transgressive lag, and/or longshore sources (Burns and Peterson, 1996; Hart and Peterson, 1997). Whereas, a few remnant dune-sheets are still active, e.g., Sand Lake, Siuslaw, and Umpqua, the great majority are forested, and unrecognized by most coastal researchers.

_____________________________________________________________________

TABLE 1 DUNE-SHEET TL DATES: SIUSLAW TO COOS BAY, OREGON

Representative Entries:

Sampe Site Location* TL Date x 1000 yr (ka) BP +-1 Std. Dev.

CGSTA Florence 24.6 +- 3.1 ka

TI #1A N. Siltcoos Access 32.4 +- 8.2 ka

TI #1B N. N. Siltcoos Access >40 ka (C14)

WOHLK Woahink Lake Rd. 37.3 +- 4.8 ka

WIWOD Wildwood Rd. 4.7 +- 0.4 ka (late reactivation)

HAUSR Hauser Slough 30.5 +- 5.9 ka

*See Figure 2 for site locations

_____________________________________________________________________

A pre-Holocene supply of west coast beach sand is also supported by published dates of coastal dune advance (27 ka) at Point Sal, southern California (Orme, 1990), and by apparent low-stand stratigraphic records in the Monterey, and San Francisco dune fields of northern California (L. Phillips, USGS, pers. comm., 1999). It is not known whether coastal paleodune-sheets of the Baja Peninsula, Mexico (Cooper, 1967) might have similar age-origins (see Objective1 below). Finally, we have very-preliminary evidence of low-stand (>14 ka) dune advances in the incised Columbia River mouth, drilled to -110 m MSL at the Oregon-Washington border (Peterson et. al., unpublished data, 1998). This preliminary compilation of paleodune ages implies a regional ‘U.S. west coast’ phenomena of pre-Holocene coastal sand-supply, extending some 2,000-3,000 km in length! Cooper (1958 and 1967) recognized some of these ‘pre-Flandrian’ paleodune-sheets but lacked the TL and optical dating techniques to estimate their ages, or the GPR and probing capabilities to profile their subsurface stratigraphic development (see Methods below).

Our central hypothesis is that regional ‘west-coast’ events of eolian ‘cross-shelf’ sand supply occurred prior to the Holocene transgression when (1) the inner-continental shelf was subaerially exposed by lowered sea-level, i.e., 10-120 m below present MSL, and (2) modeled winds differed greatly from those of today (see Objective 1 below). Whereas most of the world’s coastal dunes show significant growth or mobility during the late-Holocene, some very-large dune-sheets from Australia (Pye, 1983; Thompson, 1983), France (Bressolier et al., 1990), and elsewhere predate the Holocene transgression. For example, at Morro Bay, southern California (Figure 3) the greatest dunal advance(s) occurred during pre-Holocene time (Cooper, 1967; Orme, 1990)(See Objective 1 below).

We further hypothesize that the maximum dune advances, which occurred along receptive lowlands (Cooper, 1958; 1967) reflect a broader onshore-transport that extended throughout most of the subaerially-exposed inner-shelf. Paleodune-sheets locally ramped-up (50-300 m elevation) against slopes of topographic ridges (see Objective 2 below). Some of these dunal slopes have been undercut, and are now prone to slope failure during anomalous wet years. Deflation thinned many of the paleodune-sheets, as subsequent advances moved the sand (landward) to the east-bounding foothills. The paleodune-sheets were episodically forested and remobilized, resulting in numerous buried forest soils (Alton et al., 1996). These clay-rich paleosols now form shallow aquitards, perched water-tables, dunal lakes, and ephemeral wetlands in the coastal plain (see Objective 3 below). The paleosol surfaces also served as prehistoric cultural-site horizons (Minor, unpublished data, 1999). These buried horizons are prime candidates for early archaeological-site investigations (see Objective 3 below).

During the Holocene transgression (10-5 ka) the existing dune sheets were eroded by the advancing surf line to form much of the modern beach sand. The dissipative slopes of some west coast beaches (Komar, 1997) reflect this fine grain-size source. Post-transgressive remobilization of the beach sand played a part in the burial of ‘surfzone’ forests formed on wave-cut platforms at 2-3 ka (Hart and Peterson, 1997). However, the beach sand is now out of equilibrium with modern conditions. Loss of the sand from some littoral cells is progessively exposing the prehistoric forests after several thousand years of burial (see Objective 4) as reported by local and national news media.

OBJECTIVES
back to top

The goal of this study is to build a ‘framework of understanding’ about the nature of the paleodunal landscape with regards to sustainable development issues of the coastal plain.

Objective 1: We will sample dune-sheet deposits for TL, Optical, and AMS-C14 age dating for the onset and duration of major dunal advances (see Methods below). Target dune sheets are in Oregon, California, and Baja, Mexico (Figure 4). The age dates will be compared to time histories of continental shelf exposure, based on bathymetric contour maps and west-coast sea-level curves. The age dates of major dune advances will also be compared to modeled wind direction and wind strength at 1 ka time interval steps (Figure 5), going back to 40 ka (Hostetler and Bartlein, 1999) as calibrated by paleo-oceanography wind-stress records (Ortiz et al., 1997). These data will extend and rigorously test the hypothesis of pre-Holocene forced sand-supply along many segments of the U.S. west coast. We will work with coastal experts in north-central California (Pestrong, SFSU, and Clifton, USGS-retired) and Baja, Mexico (Mayoral, San Ignacio) to optimize age-dating strategies and field logistics. For this first regional correlation we will not try to isolate discrete advance event(s), i.e., latest-Pleistocene stadial versus interstadial, but will focus on maximum (eastern) advance dates. We will also age-date apparent youngest soil profiles, and estimate mean recurrence of episodic stabilization, i.e., number of paleosols (see Methods below).

Objective 2: We will use existing airphoto, and Landsat images to reconnaissance-map the maximum extent (landward boundary) of forested paleodune-sheets at 5-6 representative PNW localities (Figure 6). Two dune sheets in the ODNRA have already been mapped in detail (Stock and Peterson) and will be added to the study database. Active dunes are well defined in 15-band Landsat images that were recently acquired for the entire study area by one of us (Rosenfeld). Paleodune-sheets exhibit classic dunal topographies that are variably-degraded by slope failure, stream cuts, forestation, and development. Nevertheless, the paleodunal features are recognizable at 1:12,000 scale stero-airphotos by dune geomorphologists (see Methods below). Groundtruthing of the landward paleodune-sheet extent is performed by examining roadcuts or shallow-auger holes for spodosol development (Nettelton et. al., 1982; Burns and Peterson, 1996).

Objective 3: We will characterize representative paleosols by subsurface techniques of ground penetrating radar profiling (GPR) and groundtruthing by Australian sand-auger and percussive Geoprobe (see Methods below). The paleosols will be profiled and sampled to quantify length, gradient, discontinuity, spatial coverage, thickness, and clay-content, i.e., proxy for impermeability. Although these features have been variably reported in borehole well logs (OWRD Gridlite Water-well logs database, 1999) the geologists and hydrologists working in the coastal plain have generally not recognized their importance as local aquitards. In some cases the paleosols have been logged as ‘bedrock’, interpreted as ‘groundwater piping’, or ignored altogether. We will investigate specific paleodune sites where perched-water tables, spring-seep slope failures, ephemeral wetlands, and other geotechnical problems have occurred as the result of shallow paleosol impermeability. We will show how the paleosols can be profiled and mapped using the new digital GPR (Figure 7) and direct-push Geoprobe technologies for foundation engineering, perc. testing, and groundwater modeling. We will also evaluate archaeological sites where cultural artifacts, fire pits etc., are developed on locally exposed paleosols (N. Siltcoos site, ODNRA, Minor, pers. comm., 1999). Both non-invasive GPR and ‘minimum disturbance’ Geoprobe will be used to extend and map the buried portion of the cultural (paleosol) horizon (see Methods below).

Objective 4: We will involve coastal residents in groundtruthing paleodune-sheet extent, and documenting the PNW distribution of episodically-exposed ‘surf-zone’ forests. Stump exposures in ‘paired’ littoral cells will test hypotheses of sand transport from eroding paleodunal-cliffs (see Objective 2) to stable or prograding beaches, via bypassing around ‘leaky’ headlands. A second component of this objective is the documentation of the post-transgressive sand that buried the ‘surf-zone’ forests and left small dune caps above the pre-Holocene paleosols (Hart and Peterson, 1997). These horizons are associated with late-archaeological sites (1-4 ka; ) and they represent a mini-surge of sand that lasted for a few thousand years. However, the post-transgressive lag ended at least 1000 years ago, and these beaches are now retreating. Widespread erosion of these dune caps, their fronting beaches, and the underlying ‘surf-zone’ forests will attest to the current conditions of net sand loss from the littoral cells.

Objective 5: We intend to engage coastal residents, students, visitors, and the general public in issues of sustainable development through interactive-GIS coverages of the coastal plain, made accessible via the WWW on the internet. Website users will be prompted to overlay different coverages of dune-sheet advances, dunal water bodies, active-dunes, and development to think about planning options that will reduce future development conflicts (Shultz, 1998). Such an interactive GIS Website has been developed for the Oregon Geology Map by the GeoDataClearinghouse at PSU (http://nwdata.geol.pdx.edu/OR-Geology). The Coastal Plain Website, proposed here, would be co-developed by PSU and OSU, then maintained at the Hatfield Marine Science Center (HMSC) by one of us (Hanshumaker). We would start with 4-5 coastal plain localities distributed along the PNW coast. The Website will be demonstrated, by outreach specialists at HMSC, at public talks and school programs, where coastal issues are discussed. Furthermore we will link the Coastal Plain Website with state and federal agency Websites, travel Websites, and with public interest Websites such as Ecotrust, Conservation Coalitions, etc.

APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY
back to top

TL and Optical Dating

Thermoluminesence (TL) dating has been used to date Quaternary dunal deposits around the world during the past decade (Lamothe et al., 1992) but, new mineral separation- and radioisotope-techniques have greatly reduced dating errors (+- 10%). These authors (Stock and Peterson) have performed the first regional TL dating of coastal dunes (ODNRA) in the Pacific Northwest (see Background and Objective 1). The key to TL dating is absolute certainty of (1) full sunlight exposure, and (2) undisturbed burial of the dunal deposits below cosmic ray penetration, and (3) measurement of background radioactivity. The TL samples are collected under complete darkness, then processed and age-analyzed at Wollagong Univ. Australia. One of us (Peterson) is currently working with Univ. of New Zealand to constrain beach-dune-ridge ages from northern Oregon and Washington, using optical dating. Optical dating differs from TL in that photons are used to excite the conductance-band electrons from single-crystal electron traps. Dating errors are reduced to +-5%. We will use optical dating to test and/or calibrate the less-expensive and faster-turnaround TL dating of the paleodune deposits. We will also collect charcoal or preserved wood samples from paleosols for C14 dating, where available, for submital to Beta Analytic Inc. (Florida) for age analysis.

Active-dune cover in the PNW will be digitized from NASA 15 multi-spectral band Landsat images, downloaded and viewed in Adobe Photoshop. Active dunes are identified by high-albedo (reflectance). Modified background images will be produced with active-dune boundaries overlays (ArcInfo-ArcView). Vegetated paleodune-fields will be mapped from 1:12,000 scale stero-airphotos using a stereoplotter. Annotated line-maps of degraded parabolic, transverse, and ‘precipitation-edge’ dune ridges will be digitized directly from the stereo-airphotos (Figure 8), and groundtruthed in the field. Groundtruth positioning will be performed using standard USGS 1:24,000 scale topos, airphotos, and/or Trimble GPS receivers (+- 5 m error) where spodosols (dune soils) or eolian cross-bedding are recognized in roadcuts or shallow auger-holes. Sodosol development will be profiled and recorded based on Munsel color charts, thickness of A,B,C horizons, and soil texture (mottled, blocky, columnar, etc.). We have already performed extensive laboratory analyses (partical size, pH, clay-content, and XRD-mineralogy) of ‘type-section’ spodosols in the ODNRA. The use of spodosol relative-age dating will permit us to greatly extend the age-correlations of mapped paleodune-sheets.

Trial runs with new digital-stacking GPR have been successfully completed in the ODNRA paleodunes of central Oregon. The paleodune-sheet (>10-20 m thick) was traced throughout the width (1 km) of the deflation plain. Vibracoring was used to confirm the paleodune-sheet origin of the deflation plain but, penetration was limited to 3-5 m subsurface depth. Geoprobe is a new percussive direct-push technology that permits rapid, low-cost, continuous or discrete sampling of dune deposits, including paleosols, to >20 m subsurface depths. We will select representative paleosols for geotechnical, hydrogeologic, and archaeological subsurface mapping using the GPR and Geoprobe technologies. About 1-2 km of GPR can be run, processed and analyzed, in a day, by our collaborator (Jol) from the Univ. of Wisconsin, Eau Claire (Jol et al., 1995). We will perform GPR transects and at least one 3D grid of a representative paleosol using an Ecopulse 400 kv or 1,000 kv transmitter and 50, 100 and 200 Mhz antennae (Figure 9). The percussive Geoprobe will be contracted from a local environmental drilling firm (Geotech Inc.) to continuously sample through the paleosols for core logging, soil profile description, and sampling for grain-size and clay content. The hands-on introduction of digital GPR and percussive Geoprobe to engineers, geologists, and archaeologists working in the coastal plain will be an important, additional outcome of this project.

Stump exposures will be checked for in-situ relations with Holocene soil development on wave-cut platforms. Most surf-zone forests in the PNW have been C14-dated (Hart and Peterson, 1997)(Figure 10) but, a few remain to be dated. Stump exposures will be mapped by us with assistance from coastal residents during winter months. Field maps and photos will be used to show forest extent, number and condition of stumps, evidence of first exposure, e.g., lack of barnacles, and presence of soil litter zone. The distribution of exposed Holocene-platform forests will be compared to published littoral cell ‘boundaries’ (Peterson et al., 1991) and to evidence of long-term beach retreat or progradation in adjacent cells. These relations should demonstrate the significance of limited sand sources, i.e., dunal sea-cliffs, and of progressive sand loss, i.e., stump exposure, from some PNW littoral cells. The recognition by coastal residents and planners that these PNW littoral cells are especially vulnerable to ongoing sand loss, i.e., natural and/or anthropogenic, will be an important outcome of this study.

Interactive GIS is a method of using a Website map-driven interface to allow users to explore GIS data. Due to the GIS software residing on the server, no special software is needed by the Website visitors. Interactive GIS has become wildly popular in the last year (1998) with national conferences and federal agency pilot projects. To develop the Coastal Plain GIS Website (Objective 5), we will collect GIS coverages onto our web-server where a DLL (ESRI Map Objects) resides to interact with web-client requests. This DLL will call an application that will be custom-written in Visual Basic (Microsoft) to process GIS requests and dynamically build output pages in response to user requests. The user will have control over what layers of data to show, what level to zoom in or out, and ultimately what layers to download. Our goal is to provide a simple interactive Website for the public, students, and coastal visitors to explore sustainability issues via computers at home, in classrooms, or at public libraries.

WORK PLAN
back to top

First Year (March 2000) (Feb. 2001)

Map winter ‘surf-zone’ stump exposures

Perform Landsat analysis of active-dune extent

Start air-photo analysis of paleodune-sheet extent

Complete TL-Optical age-date sampling in Oregon, California

Submit TL samples for age dating

Start development of interactive-GIS Website

Conduct coastal Quaternary Workshop

Publish field-mapping study results

Second Year (March 2001) (Feb. 2002)

Complete air-photo analysis of paleo-dune sheets

Perform dune-sheet groundtruthing

Perform TL-Optical age-date sampling in Baja, Mexico

Submit remaining TL samples for age dating

Complete GPR and Geoprobe analysis of Paleosols

Complete interactive-GIS Website

Conduct coastal Quaternary Workshop

Publish field-dating study results

EVALUATION OF PROJECT OUTREACH AND OUTCOMES
back to top

Several pre- and post-assessment instruments will be utilized to document and evaluate our efforts to explain the paleodunal-landscape and its controls on sustainable development. We are concerned about three target ‘user-groups’ including (1) coastal researchers and engineers, (2) coastal planners and development interests, and (3) coastal residents and visitors. A first contact has already been made with these three groups via an informal workshop on ‘Quaternary Coastal Deposits’ held at Portland State Univ. Dec. 1998. We propose here to organize two (2) additional annual workshops on the coast, and compare participant affiliations, areas of expertise etc., with the data base completed for the 1998 workshop (50 participants). A second approach to monitoring outreach success will be based on statistical analysis of Webpage hits, i.e., visits to the interactive GIS coverages (see Objective 5). One of us (Hanshumaker) will tally the total number of hits, hits per month, and per year. Thirdly we will complete two (2) annual mail surveys of representatives of groups 1 and 2, to quantify their awareness of our published work, in open-file reports, technical papers, and on the Web.

RATIONALE AND EXPECTED OUTCOMES
back to top

As with other coastlines of the U.S. and abroad, there are increasing development pressures in the dunal coastal plains of the US west-coast. This coastal plain is typically very-narrow, i.e., only a few kilometers in width, so development is extending to non-traditional building sites, resulting in: multiple legal suits following dunal slope failures; contested filling of ephemeral dunal wetlands; rip-rap protection of eroding dunal sea-cliffs; seasonal leachfield failures due to perched water-tables above dunal paleosols, etc. Most of these geotechnical misfortunes could have been avoided, given advance knowledge of the nature and distribution of the underlying paleodune-sheets, as proposed above.

More perplexing are: water-rights battles over dunal aquifer withdrawal and dunal lake levels; community disagreements over ‘active’ versus ‘stabilized’ dunal landscapes; disturbance of archaeological sites in paleodunal sites; European dune-grass invasion of the remnant active-dunes; shallow dunal-aquifer contamination from septic systems, etc. These conflicts arise from increasing demands on limited resources, different ‘value’ systems, and changing coastal economies. A broader understanding of the formation and properties of the paleodunal landscape, as proposed here, will help communities avoid some of these conflicts, and provide a fact-based context for discussion of related development issues.

The results of this research will have immediate impacts (year 2000-2002) on (1) open-dune management by the US Forest Service, and US Bureau of Land Management, (2) public discussions about active-versus-stabilized dunes on public land, (3) evaluation of dunal aquifers by coastal water districts and private consultants, (4) ephemeral wetland delineation by the US Army Corps of Engineers and private consultants, (5) littoral cell sand management and set-back assessments by county planners and state agencies, and (6) subsurface-investigations for archaeological sites by Native American Coastal Tribes, universities, and consultants. The broad education methodologies proposed here will serve as models for sustainable-development outeach-projects in other coastal plains of the US East-and Gulf-coasts.

REFERENCES
back to top

Almada, J., L. Gomez-Morin, and D. Fischer, Eds. Coastal management in Mexico, the Baja California experience, ASCE Coastal Zone 93, 165 pp.

Alton, C. Cowburn, S., Jones, J., Knoepp, C., Peterson, C.D., Polidoro B., and Stock, E., 1996. Origin of a coastal dune complex: source mineralogy and paleosol development, from the central Oregon coast. GSA Cordilleran Meeting, Programs with Abstracts, 28:42, Portland, Oregon.

Bressolier, C., J.M. Froidefond, and Y.F. Thomas, 1990. Chronology of coastal dunes in the south-west of France. In Eds. T.W. Baker, P.D. Jungerius, and J.A. Klijn, Dunes of the European Coasts, Catena Supplement 18, p. 101-107.

Burns S., and Peterson, C.D., 1996. Holocene stratigraphy of the parabolic dune at Cape Kiwanda, Pacific City, northern Oregon coast, Oregon. GSA Cordilleran Meeting, Programs with Abstracts, 28:52, Portland, Oregon.

Cooper, W.S., 1958. Coastal sand dunes of Oregon and Washington. Geol. Soc. Am. Mem. 72, 169 pp.

Cooper, W.S., 1967. Coastal dunes of California. Geol. Soc. Am. Mem. 104, 131 pp.

Domurat W., and H. Wakeman, 1991 Eds. The California Coastal Zone Experience. ASCE 7th Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management, p. 32-45.

Erlandson, J.M., M.A. Tveskov, and S. Byram. 1998. The development of maritime adaptations on the southern Northwest coast. Arctic Anthropology, 35:6-22.

Godfrey-Smith, D. I., 1996a, Basic physical processes of TL, OSL & ESR,

Department of Earth Sciences, Nov. 8, 1996,http://is.dal.ca/~digs/t-basic.htm

Godfrey-Smith, D. I., 1996b, Geochronology using the Dosimetric Dating

Methods, Department of Earth Sciences, Nov. 8, 1996, http://is.dal.ca/~digs/t-dating.htm

Grenell, P., 1991. A new framework for intergrated coastal zone managment. In Eds. Domurat and Wakeman, The California Coastal Zone Experience. ASCE 7th Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management, p. 32-45.

Hart, R., and C. Peterson, 1997. Episodically buried forests in the Oregon surf zone. Oregon Geology, 59:131-144.

Hostetler, S.W., and P.J., Bartlein, 1999. Response of regional climate and surface processes in Western North America to a canonical Heinrich event, AGU Monograph, P.U. Clark et al. eds. in press.

Jol., H.M., D. Smith, and R. Meyers, 1995. Digital ground penetrating radar (GPR): A new geophyisical tool for coastal barrier research, examples from the Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific coasts, USA. Journal of Coastal Research, 12:960-968.

Kelsey, H.M., and J.C., Bockheim, 1994. Coastal landscape evolution as a function of eustasy and surface uplift rate, Cascadia margin, southern Oregon. Geological Soc. of Am. Bull. 106:840-854.

Komar, P.D., 1997. The Pacific Northwest Coast, Living with the Shores of Oregon and Washington. Duke Univ. Press, Durham, 195 pp.

Kulm, L.D., D.F. Heinrichs, R.M. Buehrig, and D.M., Chambers, 1968. Evidence for possible placer accumulations on the southern Oregon continental shelf. Ore Bin 30:81-104.

Lamothe, M., A. Dreimanis, M. Morency, and A. Raukas, 1992. Thermoluminescene dating of Quaternary sediments. Quaternary Research, 38:153-170.

Nettleton, W.D., R.B. Parsons, A.O. Ness, and F.W. Gelderman, 1982. Spodosols along the southwest Oregon coast. Soil Science Society of America Journal 46:593-598.

Orme, A.R., 1990. The instability of Holocene coastal dunes: the case of the Morro dunes, California. In Eds. Nordstrom K.F., N. Psuty, and B. Carter, Coastal Dunes, Form and Process, Wiley & Sons, New York, p. 315-336.

Ortiz, J.A., C. Mix, S.W. Hostetler, and M. Kashgarian, 1997. The California current of the last glacial maximum, Paleoceanography, 13:161-

Peterson, C.D., M.E., Darienzo, D.J. Pettit, P. Jackson, and C. Rosenfeld, 1991. Littoral Cell Development in the Convergent Cascadia Margin of the Pacific Northwest, USA. In. R. Osborne (ed) From Shoreline to the Abyss, Contributions in Marine Geology in Honor of F.P. Shepard, SEPM Special Publication, 46:17-34.

Pye, K., 1983. Formation and history of Queensland coastal dunes. In Eds. J. Jennings and H. Hagedorn, Dunes: Continental and Coastal, Gebruder, Stuttgart, 175-204.

Reckendorf, F., 1998. Geologic Hazards of development on sand dunes along the Oregon coast. In. S. Burns, Ed., Environmental, Groundwater, and Engineering Geology: Applications from Oregon. Star Publishing Company, Belmont, CA. p. 429-438.

Short, A.D., 1987. Modes, timing and volume of Holocene Cross-shore and aeolian sediment transport, southern Austalia. Coastal Sediments 87 p. 1925-1937.

Shultz, S.T., 1998. Dunes and freshwater wetlands. The Northwest Coast, A Natural History.Timber Press, p. 223-249.

Thom B.G., G.M. Bowman, R. Gillespie, R. Temple, M. Barbetti, 1981. Radiocarbon dating of Holocene beach-ridge sequences in south-east Australia, Univ. of New South Wales, Monograph no. 11, 38 pp.

Thompson, C.H., 1983. Development and weathering of large parabolic dune systems along the subtropical coast of eastern Australia. In Eds. J. Jennings and H. Hagedorn, Dunes: Continental and Coastal, Gebruder, Stuttgart, p. 205-225.

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR BRIEF VITAE
back to top

PETERSON, CURT, Professor of Geology

ADDRESS: Portland State University PHONE: (503) 725-3375

Geology Department FAX (503) 725-3025

Portland, OR 97207-0751 E-mail: petersonc@pdx.edu

EDUCATION: B.A. 1975, Geology, SFSU; Ph.D. 1983, Oceanography, Oregon State University.

EMPLOYMENT: GRA, Post Doctorate, and Research Faculty, College of Oceanography, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, Oregon, (1975-1989); Assistant, Associate, and Full Professor, Department of Geology, Portland State Univ., Portland (1989-present).

PUBLICATIONS

Peterson, C.D., G. Gelfenbaum, H. Jol, J. Phipps, F. Reckendorf, D. Twichell, S. Vanderburg, L. Woxell. 1999 Great earthquakes, abundant sand, and high wave energy in the Columbia cell, USA, Coastal Sediments 99 in-press.

Jol, H.M., C. Peterson, S. Vanderburgh, and J. Phipps. 1999. Ground penetrating radar as a regional coastal mapping tool. Association of American Geographers, 95 Annual Meeting, Hononlulu, HI. p.257-262.

Peterson, C.D., and I.P., Madin, 1997. Coseismic paleoliquefaction evidence in the central Cascadia Margin, Oregon Geology, 59:51-74.

Peterson, C.D., and W.K. Burris, 1993. Evaluation of littoral sediment composition and volume, Coos Bay-Umpqua R. Dunes, Oregon. Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District, Portland, Oregon. 20 p.

Peterson, C.D., M.E., Darienzo, D.J. Pettit, P. Jackson, and C. Rosenfeld, 1991. Littoral Cell Development in the Convergent Cascadia Margin of the Pacific Northwest, USA. In. R. Osborne (eds) SEPM Special Publication, 46:17-34.

HART, ROGER, Senior Research Assistant Professor of Marine Geology

ADDRESS: Oregon State University PHONE: (541) 867-0100

College of Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences

Corvallis, OR 97331-2030 E-mail: hartr@teleport.com

EDUCATION: B.Sc. Tufts University MCL; 1962; M.Sc. Yale University - Geology 1965

EMPLOYMENT: Senior Research Professor, Oregon State University (1983-present retired); Research Assistant, School of Oceanography, Oregon State University (1976-1983); Visiting Scientist, Physical Research Laboratory, Navrangpura, India (1972-75); Oceanographer (Marine Geology ), U.S. Navy Oceanographic Office,

Washington, D.C. (1969-70)

PROFESSIONAL RECOGNITION: Danforth Fellowship Yale University,

Sigma Xi Fellowship Yale University, Max Planck Society Fellowship 1986

PUBLICATIONS:

Hart, R., and C. Peterson. 1997. Episodically Buried Forest in the Oregon Surf Zone. Oregon Geology, 59:131-144.

de Wit, M., and R. Hart. 1993. Earth's Earliest Lithosphere, Hydrothermal flux and Crustal Recycling. Lithos, 30 309-335.

de Wit, M., Hart, R., M. Tredoux and C., Roering. 1992. Formation of an Archaean Continent, Nature, 375: 553-562.

Hart, R., L. Hogan and J. Dymond. 1985. The closed system approximation for evolution of argon and helium in the mantle, crust, and atmosphere. Isotope Geoscience. 52:45-73.

Hart, R., S.K. Battacharya, S.K. Gupta, D. Lal, and V.N. Nijampurkar. 1981. Groundwater models for interpretation of silicon-32 and radio-carbon data, Indian Academy of Science.

ERLANDSON, JON, M., Associate Professor of Anthropology

ADDRESS: University of Oregon PHONE: (541) 346-5098

Anthropology Department

Eugene, Oregon 97403 Email: jerland@oregon.uoregon.edu

EDUCATION: BA 1980, MA 1983, PhD. 1988, U.C. Santa Barbara 1988.

EMPLOYMENT: Visiting Prof. University of Alaska Fairbanks (1988-1990), Associate Professor, University of Oregon (1990-present)

PUBLICATIONS:

Erlandson, J.M., M.L. Moss. 1999. Radiocarbon dating as an archaeological survey tool in coastal environments. American Antiquity (in press).

Erlandson, J.M., M.A. Tveskov, and S. Byram. 1998. The development of maritime adaptations on the southern Northwest coast. Arctic Anthropology, 35:6-22.

Moss. M.L., and J. Erlandson. 1998. Early Holocene adaptation on the southern Northwest coast, Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 20:13-25.

Elandson, J.M., and M. Moss. 1997. Breaking down the border. Towards a more integrated archaeology of the southern Northwest coast. Proceedings of the Society for California Archaeology, 10:169-176.

Moss. M., and J., Erlandson. 1994, An evaluation, survey, and dating program for archaeological sites on state lands of the southern Oregon coast. Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Report to the Oregon State Historic Preservation Office, 121 p.

Erlandson, J. M. 1994. Early Hunter-Gatherers of the California Coast. Interdisciplinary Contrib. to Archaeology, Plenum Press. 336 p.

HANSHUMAKER, WILLIAM, Public Marine Education Specialist

ADDRESS: Oregon State University PHONE: (541) 867-0100

HMSC 2030 S. Marine Science Dr.

Newport, OR 97365 Email:bill.hanshumaker@hmsc.orst.edu

EDUCATION: 1974 B.A. Biology, Univ. South Florida, Tampa, 1987 M.A.T., Science Marine Mammalogy, and Science Education, 1994 PhD. Candidate Science Education, Oregon State University

EMPLOYMENT: Oregon Museum of Science and Industry (1977-1993) Portland School District (1984-1992); Marylhurst University (1990-1993); Sea Grant Extension Faculty (1993-present)

PROFESSIONAL APPOINTMENTS:

Lincoln County Interpretive Association Executive Committee

Board Member Northwest Aquatic and Marine Educators N.A.M.E.

Exhibition Advisory Board to National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution and American Chemical Society, 1989-1994

PUBLICATIONS:

Hanshumaker, B. 1991. Memory-form And Function. Magill’s Survey of Science, Salem Press.

Hanshumaker, B. 1990. A Laser Primer, Microsoft CD-Rom Yearbook.

Hanshumaker, B. 1987. A Head For Chemistry, Science and Children.

STOCK, ERROL, Associate Professor of Environmental Sciences

ADDRESS: Griffith University PHONE: (9011-07) 875-7519

Nathan Campus, Kessels Rd. FAX (07) 875-7459

Brisbane, Queensland 4111 Australia

Email:E.Stock@mailbox.gu.edu.au

EDUCATION: Bsc. 1965; MSc. 1975,Geology, Adelaide Univ.; PhD. 1990, Geomorphology, Griffith Univ.

EMPLOYMENT: Exploration Geology in Australia (1965-1975); Research Asst., Assistant. Professor and Associate Professor at Griffith University (1975-present).

PUBLICATIONS:

Robins R.P. and E.C. Stock. 1998. Saltwater people, saltwater country: Geomorphological, anthropological, and archaeological investigations of the southern Gulf Country of Queensland. Memoirs of Queensland Cultural Heritage Series 1:75-126.

Stock,E. 1996. Geomorphology and National Estate Values of Sandmasses along the Queensland Coast. Research Report to Australian Heritage Comm., Institute of Applied Research, 225p.

Stock E. and R. Neller. 1990. Geomorphic transitions and the Brisbane River in Davie, P. Stock. E., and Low Choy, D. (eds) The Brisbane River: A Source-Book for the Future. Australian Littoral Society with Queensland Museum, Brisbane pp. 43-54.

Stock, E. 1987. Topgraphy, geology, and soils. in Catterall C.P., and Wallace C.J. (eds) An Island in Suburbia: The Natural and Social History of Toohey Forest. Institute of Applied Environmental Research, Griffith Univ. Brisbane pp. 38-52.

Brown, A.L., G. McDonald, and E. Stock. 1986. Community attitudes towards possible development on Noosa Spit. A comparison of 1982-86 survey results. Institute of Applied Research, unpubl.

ROSENFELD, CHARLES, Professor of Geography

ADDRESS: Oregon State University PHONE: (541) 867-

Geosciences

Corvallis, OR 97331-2030 E-mail:rosenfec@geo.orst.edu

EDUCATION: 1968 B.A. University of Pittsburgh, 1971 M.A. Geography University of Pittsburgh, 1973 PhD. Geography University of Pittsburgh. United States Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, PA 1992-93 Remote Sensing:

EMPLOYMENT: Assistant, Associate, Full Professor, Geosciences Oregon State University (1974-present). Visiting Professor: Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering, United States Military Academy at West Point (1989-1990)

PROFESSIONAL LICENSES:

Registered Professional Geologist (G550), Oregon

Reference: Oregon Board of Geologist Examiners

Pilot (Cert. 191362361)

Reference: Federal Aviation Administration

PUBLICATIONS:

Rosenfeld, C., Gaston, G., Pearson, M. 1996. Integrated Flood Response in the Pacific

Northwest, February 1996, Earth Observation Magazine, 5(11): 20-23.

Rosenfeld, C. L. 1998. Natural Hazards Studies: Progress and Potential, International Geography, 28: 395-396.

Rosenfeld, C. 1996. Managing the geomorphic effects of the Mount St. Helens eruption: a north American approach to volcanic hazards mitigation. GeoJournal, Volume 38 (3): 321-328.

Rosenfeld, C. 1994. Flood hazard reduction: GIS maps survival strategies in Bangladesh, Geo-Info Systems, Vol 4, ( 5), p. 30-37.

Rosenfeld, C. 1992. Watershed Management: Fighting the Effects of Drought in West Africa, Geo Info Systems, Vol.2(3), p.28-39.

Rosenfeld, C. Peterson, D. Pettit, P. Jackson, J. Kimerling. 1991. A Littoral Cell Information System for the Pacific Northwest, USA, Coastal Sediments, WR Div/ASCE.

SEA GRANT PROJECT COLLABORATORS AND ASSOCIATIONS

Portland State University

Oregon State University

University of Oregon

Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas (CICIMAR-IPN), BCS, Mexico

University of California at Berkley

San Francisco State University

Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia

Oregon state agencies

Department of Lands Conservation and Development

Oregon State Parks and Recreation

Department of Oregon Geology and Mineral Industries

Federal agencies

U.S. Forest Service

U.S. Geological Survey